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Glossary

Active Authentication (AA)​

A security feature in biometric passports aimed at preventing unauthorized copying of passport data.

Biometric Passport​

A passport that includes biometric information, such as a facial photograph, typically includes an RFID chip containing data for biometric verification, personal details, an expiration date, and the issuer's digital signature.

Circom Circuit​

A Circom circuit is a computational construct used in zero-knowledge proof systems, defining constraints for efficient verification. It enables the generation and verification of proofs, preserving privacy by allowing one party to convince another of a statement's validity without revealing additional information.

Decentralized Application (DApp)​

A DApp is an application of one or more smart contracts running on a blockchain and a user interface.

DG1 Personal Details​

A data group within a biometric passport includes the passport holder's primary identity information, such as name, date of birth, nationality, and passport number.

DG15: Active Authentication Public Key​

The data group within a biometric passport includes the public key used for Active Authentication (AA).

DG2 Facial Photograph​

Data group within a biometric passport containing the passport holder's portrait.

Digital autonomous organization (DAO)​

A DAO is a member-owned community without centralized leadership or governing bodies. Rarimo uses a DAO to manage its threshold signature scheme.

Edwards-curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)​

EdDSA is a complex public key cryptography signature algorithm that is based on Edwards curves.

Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)​

ECDSA is a complex public key cryptography signature algorithm in which keys are generated via elliptic curve cryptography.

Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)​

A computation engine that is the foundation for EVM-compatible blockchains such as Ethereum and Polygon. See ethereum.org.

Machine-Readable Zone (MRZ)​

A portion of a passport that contains key personal data in a format readable by machine scanners.

Merkle Tree​

A Merkle tree stores hashes of data in a tree that allows you to verify the contents of the tree. You can use Merkle branches to follow the hashes through the tree to verify that a specific piece of data is in the tree.

NFC (Near Field Communication)​

A technology used for short-range communication between devices, often used in passports for wireless data transfer.

Non-fungible token (NFT)​

An NFT is a piece of data stored on a blockchain that certifies a digital asset to be unique and not interchangeable with any other asset. NFTs are different from fungible tokens such as BTC and ETH because fungible tokens are equivalent and interchangeable.

RMO​

RMO is the Rarimo token. The RMO token is used for governance of the Rarimo project, among other things. Users can stake RMO tokens to become oracles.

Secp256k1​

Secp256k1 refers to the parameters used in cryptography algorithms such as ECDSA. See Secp256k1.

Smart contract​

Smart contracts are programs that run on EVM-compatible blockchains. They can provide public functions and accept transactions, such as selling NFTs or exchanging tokens. Smart contracts provide the logic for NFTs and decentralized applications.

Soulbound Token (SBT)​

Soulbound tokens are tokens that cannot be transferred. They often represent parts of a user's identity, history, or accomplishments.

Sparse Merkle Tree​

A data structure designed for efficiently storing and verifying large data sets with minimal storage requirements.

Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP)​

A ZKP is a cryptographically secure piece of information that proves that a certain user meets a certain requirement without revealing any specific information about the user. For example, a ZKP can verify that a user is above a certain age without revealing the user's actual age.

Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge (zk-SNARK)​

A zk-SNARK is the type of ZKP that Rarimo Identity Protocol uses. One characteristic of zk-SNARKs is that they are non-interactive, meaning that the user and verifier interact only once, unlike some other types of ZKPs.

ZK Registry​

The ZK Registry is a privacy-focused on-chain registry. It enables proving system states without revealing individual details, supporting applications like identity verification and reputation systems. This design ensures data integrity and user anonymity​.

ZK Registry Rollup​

A ZK Registry Rollup is an on-chain registry used to prove system states without exposing individual data, enabling privacy-preserving applications.

ZK Reputation​

ZK Reputation allows users to prove their reputation based on private interactions or relationships using zero-knowledge proofs, ensuring privacy while verifying trustworthiness.

ZKML (Zero-Knowledge Machine Learning)​

ZKML stands for Zero-Knowledge Machine Learning, which combines zero-knowledge proofs (ZK proofs) with machine learning algorithms. It enables machine learning tasks to be performed on encrypted or private data without revealing the data itself, ensuring privacy and confidentiality.